Endometriosis

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Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a medical condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, and sometimes other organs in the pelvis. This tissue still behaves like uterine lining: it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle, but unlike normal menstruation, the blood has no way to exit the body, which can lead to inflammation, pain, and scar tissue formation (adhesions).


Symptoms

Symptoms vary widely; some people have mild symptoms, others severe. Common ones include:

  • Pelvic pain, often worse during menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Pain with bowel movements or urination, especially during periods
  • Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods
  • Infertility (difficulty getting pregnant)
  • Fatigue, bloating, nausea

Causes

The exact cause is unknown, but several theories exist:

  • Retrograde menstruation – menstrual blood flows backward into the pelvic cavity instead of leaving the body.
  • Immune system dysfunction – the body may fail to recognize and destroy endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.
  • Genetic factors – it can run in families.
  • Hormonal factors – estrogen promotes the growth of endometrial tissue.

Complications

  • Infertility
  • Formation of adhesions and scar tissue, which can distort pelvic organs
  • Ovarian cysts called endometriomas
  • Chronic pain and reduced quality of life

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