• Submucosal – Grow just under the lining of the uterine cavity; can cause heavy menstrual bleeding.
• Subserosal – Grow on the outer surface of the uterus; may press on nearby organs.
• Pedunculated – Grow on a stalk either inside or outside the uterus.

Causes & Risk Factors

The exact cause is unknown, but several factors contribute:

• Hormonal influence : Estrogen and progesterone stimulate fibroid growth.
• Genetics : Family history increases risk.
• Age : Most common in women aged 30–50.
• Other factors : Obesity, vitamin D deficiency, early menstruation, and certain ethnicities (more common in African-American women).

Symptoms

Many women are asymptomatic, but when symptoms occur, they may include:

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Frequent urination (if pressing on the bladder)
• Constipation (if pressing on the bowel)
• Back or leg pain
• Enlarged abdomen or “bloating”
• Infertility or pregnancy complications (rarely)

Diagnosis

• Pelvic exam – May detect enlarged or irregular uterus.
• Ultrasound – Most common imaging method.
• MRI – Useful for mapping size and location, especially before surgery.
• Hysteroscopy – For submucosal fibroids.